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The newspaper of The Johns Hopkins University July 23, 2007 | Vol. 36 No. 40
 
Obesity rates continue to climb in the United States

By 2015, 75 percent of adults, nearly 24 percent of kids will be overweight

By Kenna Lowe
School of Public Health

The U.S. obesity prevalence increased from 13 percent to 32 percent between the 1960s and 2004, according to researchers at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Human Nutrition. The prevalence of obesity and overweight have increased at an average rate of 0.3Ð0.8 percentage points across different sociodemographic groups over the three decades. Some minority and low socioeconomic status groups are disproportionately affected, among them non- Hispanic black women and children; Mexican-American women and children; low socioeconomic status black men, white women and white children; Native Americans; and Pacific Islanders. The meta-analysis was published online May 17 in advance of the 2007 issue of the journal Epidemiologic Reviews.

"The obesity rate in the United States has increased at an alarming rate over the past three decades. We set out to estimate the average annual increase in prevalence as well as the variation between population groups to predict the future situation regarding obesity and overweight among U.S. adults and children," said Youfa Wang, lead author of the study and an assistant professor in the Bloomberg School's Department of International Health. "Obesity is a public health crisis. If the rate of obesity and overweight continues at this pace, by 2015, 75 percent of adults and nearly 24 percent of U.S. children and adolescents will be overweight or obese."

The study authors included in their meta-analysis 20 journal papers, reports and online data sets. In addition, data from four national surveys — NHANES, BRFSS, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System and National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health — were included in order to examine the disparities in obesity. The authors defined adult overweight and obesity using body mass index cutoffs of 25 and 30, respectively. Children at risk for overweight and who were overweight were classified as being in the 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index, respectively. (Note: Unlike definitions for adults, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention uses "overweight" to refer to the highest body mass index for children and adolescents. Therefore, it is inaccurate to use the term "obese" when referring to elevated body mass index in this age group.)

Among the key findings:

66 percent of U.S. adults were overweight or obese in 2003Ð2004.

Women 20 to 34 years old had the fastest increase rate of obesity and overweight.

80 percent of black women ages 40 or older are overweight; 50 percent are obese.

Asians have a lower obesity prevalence when compared to other ethnic groups. However, Asians born in the United States are four times more likely to be obese than their foreign-born counterparts.

Less educated people have a higher prevalence of obesity than their counterparts, with the exception of black women.

States in the Southeast have a higher prevalence than those on the West Coast or in the Midwest and Northeast.

16 percent of children and adolescents are overweight, and 34 percent are at risk of becoming overweight in 2003Ð2004.

White children and adolescents had the lowest prevalence of being overweight or at risk, compared with their black and Mexican counterparts.

"Our analysis showed patterns of obesity or overweight for various groups of Americans. All groups consistently increased in obesity or overweight prevalence, but the increase varied by group, making this public health issue complex. More research needs to be completed to look into the underlying causes," said May A. Beydoun, co-author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow in the Bloomberg School's Department of International Health. "Obesity is likely to continue to increase, and if nothing is done, it will soon become the leading preventable cause of death in the United States."

Wang and Beydoun co-authored the study, which was supported by grants from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases/National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

In a related study, the co-authors published a research article in the May 7 issue of the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition that found people purchase foods based on their income level and perception of a food's health benefit and cost. Ethnicity, gender and environmental factors also impact people's food choices.

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